A New Approach to Reforestation: Nucleation Planting Strategies for Climate-Resilient Forests

Traditional reforestation in the western United States often relies on grid systems, where trees are planted in rows at regular intervals to maximize timber production. While effective for growth, this method creates dense, homogeneous forests highly vulnerable to fire and drought. In regions like the southwestern U.S., these uniform stands lack the spatial diversity and irregular patterns found in natural forests, making them less resilient to environmental stressors. To address this vulnerability, new reforestation methods such as nucleation planting are being explored. This approach mimics natural regeneration by planting small clusters of trees (tree islands) surrounded by open space, reducing fire spread risk and improving forest resilience. However, the effectiveness of nucleation planting across different environments remains uncertain, highlighting the need for targeted research. The JTH Forestry Research Center, in collaboration with the University of New Mexico (UNM), initiated a research project to investigate nucleation planting strategies as a means to improve reforestation outcomes. This study focuses on three key treatment factors:

o Survival Probability: Using a spatial survival model developed by Drs. Matt Hurteau and Chris Marsh at UNM, 24 nuclei (1/4 acre each) were selected and categorized into high and low survival probability groups. o Planting Density: Testing four density levels (194, 436, 889, and 1742 trees per acre) to evaluate their impact on seedling survival, establishment, and resilience to environmental stressors. o Competing Vegetation Control: Examining the effects of mechanical vegetation removal versus no removal to determine the role of grasses and forbs in seedling growth and survival.

In October 2024, over 5,000 seedlings were planted on the Hermit’s Peak / Calf Canyon Fire footprint at Johnson Mesa near Las Vegas, New Mexico. The Ancestral Lands Conservation Corps, including Hopi and Acoma tribal members, played a crucial role in this planting effort. This long-term study will evaluate how nucleation planting strategies influence reforestation success and forest resilience. By incorporating survival models, planting densities, and vegetation management, the project aims to optimize reforestation practices for different environments. Initial data collection will inform future planting efforts, while the study’s longevity will allow researchers to assess forest development over decades. This research addresses critical challenges in reforestation by promoting innovative strategies that mimic natural regeneration patterns. These methods can help create resilient forests capable of withstanding fire, drought, and other climate-driven stressors. By involving tribal communities in reforestation efforts, this project also fosters collaboration and respect for Indigenous knowledge, ensuring sustainable forest management practices.